Thyroid health conditions (disorders or diseases) - hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment (May, 2025):

 

What is the thyroid gland, and what does it do? In the human body, a gland is an organ that produces and releases substances, like hormones or digestive juices, that perform a specific function. These substances can be released directly into the bloodstream (endocrine glands) or through a duct or opening (exocrine glands).  Our thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland at the base (front) of our neck just below the center of our throat. It is located below the Adam's apple, wrapped around the trachea (windpipe). A thin area of tissue in the gland's middle, known as the isthmus, joins the two thyroid lobes on each side. It's part of an intricate network of glands called the endocrine system. Our endocrine system is responsible for coordinating many of our body's activities. Our thyroid gland manufactures thyroid hormones, which play a key role in regulating blood pressure, body temperature, heart rate, metabolism, and the body's reaction to other hormones. The thyroid's two main hormones are triiodothyronine, or T3, and thyroxine (T4). The gland also produces calcitonin, which helps bone cells process calcium and add it to the bones. The thyroid uses iodine to produce vital hormones. Thyroxine, or T4, is the primary hormone the gland produces. After being delivered via the bloodstream to the body's tissues, a small portion of the T4 released from the gland is converted to triiodothyronine (T3), the most active hormone. The function of the thyroid gland is regulated by a feedback mechanism involving the brain. When thyroid hormone levels are low, the hypothalamus in the brain produces a hormone known as thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) that causes the pituitary gland (located at the base of the brain) to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release more T4. Since the pituitary and hypothalamus control the thyroid gland, disorders of these tissues can also affect thyroid function and cause thyroid problems.

What are thyroid disorders? Thyroid disorders are conditions that affect the thyroid gland.  Different types of thyroid disorders affect either its structure or function. Several types of thyroid Problems and diseases can arise when the thyroid gland produces too much (Hyperthyroidism) or not enough (Hypothyroidism) hormone. When your thyroid is underproducing or overproducing, it can cause bothersome symptoms such as irritability, fatigue, weight loss, and weight gain. Some of the most common thyroid-related conditions include: Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, Graves' disease, Goiter, Thyroid nodules, Thyroid cancer.

Hypothyroidism, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment:

What is Hypothyroidism? Hypothyroidism results from the thyroid gland producing an insufficient amount of thyroid hormone. Hypothyroidism is the opposite of Hyperthyroidism. In this condition, the thyroid gland is underactive and cannot produce enough hormones. Without enough thyroid hormones, many functions in the body will slow down. Thyroid hormones control how the body uses energy and affect most organs. It involves conditions that damage the thyroid gland itself (called primary Hypothyroidism), the pituitary gland (called secondary Hypothyroidism), or a part of the brain that stimulates the pituitary gland called the hypothalamus (called tertiary Hypothyroidism). Cases of Hypothyroidism can be mild.

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism: Underproduction of T3 and T4 can also cause symptoms affecting hair, weight, digestion, heart rate, energy levels, moods, body temperature, and menstrual cycle, often in significantly different ways than Hyperthyroidism. Common signs or symptoms of Hypothyroidism (too little thyroid hormone production) may vary, and can include: Feeling tired (fatigue), Unexplained weight gain, Puffy face, Goiter, Coarse/dry hair and loss of hair. Dry skin, Brittle nails, Lack of sweating, Constipation, Slower than usual heart rate, Feeling sensitive to cold, Fluid retention, Abnormal bone development, Stunted growth, Stiffness and pain in joints,  Weakness of muscles, Depression and irritability, Poor concentration or feeling mentally "foggy" ( memory problems), Insomnia, Prolonged, excessive, or irregular menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia)  in women, Fertility problems, Coma.

Causes and risk factors of Hypothyroidism: The pituitary gland produces thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH triggers the thyroid to produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Hypothyroidism occurs when TSH levels are high, but T4 and T3 are at normal levels. It can develop from problems within the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, or hypothalamus. Conditions that can cause Hypothyroidism include: The most common cause is an autoimmune disorder, which produces antibodies that attack the thyroid gland Primary Hypothyroidism is about a thousand times more common than secondary and tertiary Hypothyroidism. Some of the same conditions that cause Hyperthyroidism can also cause Hypothyroidism. Primary causes of Hypothyroidism include: Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (a lifelong chronic autoimmune condition that causes thyroid gland inflammation) can cause an underactive thyroid. It is the most common cause of Hypothyroidism in countries with widely available iodized salt and other iodine-enriched foods.  Iodine deficiency: Your thyroid needs iodine to make thyroid hormone, so a lack of the mineral in your diet can lead to Hypothyroidism. It's the most common cause of Hypothyroidism in poorer countries that don't have iodized salt widely available. It often causes Goiter (enlarged thyroid). Thyroidectomy: The surgical removal of the thyroid gland, often due to thyroid cancer. Neck radiation: Often used to treat head and neck cancers or Graves' disease. Medications: Including amiodarone, lithium, and interferon-alpha. Thyroid dysgenesis is a birth defect that causes a wholly or partially missing thyroid gland. Acute infectious Thyroiditis: Caused by bacterial infections like strep throat in children. Postpartum Thyroiditis: Sometimes causes thyroid hormones to drop after pregnancy. Thyroid sarcoidosis: A disease that can cause granular deposits in the thyroid gland. Amyloidosis Goiter: The thyroid gland enlargement due to deposits of amyloid proteins. Hemochromatosis: Iron overload, which can affect the thyroid gland, occurs more often in men. Secondary and tertiary causes of Hypothyroidism include: Pituitary adenoma: Sometimes causes T3 and T4 levels to drop instead of rise. Pituitary surgery: Used to remove pituitary adenomas and other tumors. Brain radiation: Commonly used for the treatment of secondary brain cancer. Autoimmune hypophysitis: A rare autoimmune disease of the pituitary gland. Lymphocytic Adenohypophysis (LAH): A rare pituitary condition that develops after pregnancy. Vascular diseases involve the internal carotid artery, servicing the pituitary and hypothalamus. Medications: Including the long-term use of opioid drugs, heart medications, cancer medications, and bipolar disorder medications. It can also be caused by: Thyroiditis (Inflammation of the thyroid gland). Radioactive iodine is a treatment for Hyperthyroidism. Congenital Hypothyroidism: Sometimes, babies are born with a missing or underactive thyroid gland. "Congenital" means "present from birth."  Hypothalamic disorders. Thyroid hormone resistance, You may be more likely to develop it if you have other health conditions, such as celiac disease, type 1 or 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, or lupus.

Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism: Doctors often diagnose Hypothyroidism with blood tests and imaging tests. A doctor will perform blood tests to measure your TSH and thyroid hormone levels. High TSH and low thyroxine levels could mean your thyroid is underactive. These levels indicate that your pituitary gland releases more TSH to stimulate your thyroid gland to make its hormone. Imaging tests can include ultrasounds or scans using radioactive iodine to test your thyroid function.

Treatment of Hypothyroidism: Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy: Hypothyroidism treatment focuses on replacing T4 with a biologically equivalent thyroid hormone called levothyroxine (marketed under the brand names Synthroid, Levo-T, and others). Daily, it can normalize thyroid hormone levels within one to two weeks. Generally speaking, you won't need a bioequivalent form of T3,  called Cytomel (liothyronine), because T4 is naturally converted in the body into T3. Even so, some providers will add Cytomel to the treatment plan if you have not had success taking T4 on its own or are still struggling with thyroid symptoms. The primary treatment for Hypothyroidism is to take thyroid hormone in the form of a pill, liquid, or softgel capsule. It is often used to treat an underactive thyroid that secretes little or no thyroid hormones. The most commonly prescribed thyroid hormone replacement is synthetic thyroxine (T4). It's essential to get the dosage right because taking too much thyroid hormone can cause symptoms of Hyperthyroidism. Before prescribing levothyroxine (thyroid hormone), a doctor will order a blood test to check thyroid levels. The test will be repeated 6–8 weeks after starting the medication. The doctor will adjust the dose until a person reaches a dose that works for them. Each time the dose is adjusted, they will perform a blood test. Though not endorsed as part of standard hypothyroid care, a natural hormone product called Armour Thyroid (desiccated thyroid) derived from pigs has been used for generations to treat Hypothyroidism.

Hypothyroidism and Pregnancy: Thyroid hormones pass from mother to fetus; adequate amounts are essential for normal growth and brain development. Hypothyroidism during pregnancy can be treated safely with thyroid hormone medications. People with Hypothyroidism who are pregnant may need higher or more frequent doses during pregnancy.

Hyperthyroidism, its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment:

What is Hyperthyroidism? Hyperthyroidism is an excess of thyroid hormone due to an overactive thyroid gland. Hyperthyroidism occurs when the butterfly-shaped organ in the neck, called the thyroid gland, produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4). These hormones, mainly composed of iodine, help regulate many body functions, including growth, heart rate, and metabolism (converting calories into energy). Hyperthyroidism may involve the thyroid gland or a pea-sized organ in the brain called the pituitary gland, which directs the secretion of T3 and T4. This can cause many of your functions to speed up.

Causes and risk factors for Hyperthyroidism: The most common form of Hyperthyroidism is Graves' disease. Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks the thyroid gland. This causes the thyroid gland to release too much thyroid hormone. Other causes of Hyperthyroidism can include: Thyroid adenoma: A  benign (Noncancerous) tumor on the thyroid gland. Pituitary adenoma: A benign (Noncancerous) pituitary gland tumor. It is a noncancerous tumor located at the base of the brain, although this is rare. De Quervain's Thyroiditis: A mild form of Hyperthyroidism that tends to resolve independently. Postpartum Thyroiditis: A transient form of Hyperthyroidism that occurs soon after pregnancy. Thyroid nodules (known as hot nodules): This condition can also be caused by a metabolically active thyroid nodule (abnormal lumps) producing too much hormone or a short-lived thyroid gland inflammation. Modules on your thyroid, a condition called toxic nodular Goiter or multinodular Goiter, can cause the gland to overproduce its hormones. Excessive iodine consumption: Iodine is a mineral essential for producing thyroid hormones. When you have too much iodine, your thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormones than you need. You may develop excessive iodine by taking certain medications, like amiodarone (a heart medication), and/or due to excess iodine consumption, most notably from algae such as kelp. Iodarone is a drug similar in structure to T4 used to treat abnormal heartbeats (arrhythmia). Overuse of thyroid hormone medication: Used to treat people with Hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism can be due to conditions that cause thyroid inflammation (called Thyroiditis) or the development of nodules that secrete T3 and T4 irrespective of the pituitary gland.

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism: While some symptoms of Hyperthyroidism are easy to spot, others are only visible in someone with an advanced condition. Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism usually relate to increased metabolism.  The overproduction of T3 and T4 can cause various symptoms, including problems with hair, weight, digestion, heart rate, energy levels, moods, body temperature, and menstrual cycle. Common signs and symptoms of Hyperthyroidism include: Heart palpitations - Racing, rapid, irregular, or pounding heart rate, faster-than-usual heart rate (tachycardia). Difficulty sleeping. Unexplained weight loss. Feeling sensitive to heat, Diarrhea, Muscle weakness, Fatigue/tiredness, Tremor/shaking(shaky hand), Clammy or sweaty skin, increased sweating, Feeling anxious, irritable, depressed, or nervous. Concentration problems, Insomnia, Irregular menstrual cycles or a lack of periods (amenorrhea). Sort or light periods. Increase in bowel movements, Goiter (enlarged thyroid gland), which is an enlargement in the neck, Puffy hands and face, Brittle hair and hair loss, Restlessness, Thinning skin, Brittle, thickening, or flaking of nails, Increased appetite, Bulging eyes Graves' disease). Older adults may also experience different symptoms, such as losing appetite. Hyperthyroidism can lead to Graves' disease, which has many symptoms, including sweating, arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat), weight loss, protruding eyes, and nervousness. In some cases, medical professionals can mistake Hyperthyroidism for dementia or depression.

Hyperthyroidism diagnosis: A doctor or healthcare professional can diagnose Hyperthyroidism by running tests to measure thyroid hormone levels or the effectiveness of the thyroid gland. A blood test measures the levels of thyroid hormone (thyroxine, or T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in your blood. Your pituitary gland releases TSH to stimulate your thyroid to produce its hormones. High thyroxine and low TSH levels can indicate that your thyroid gland is overactive. A doctor might also give you radioactive iodine by mouth or as an injection and then measure how much of it your thyroid gland takes in. Your thyroid takes in iodine to produce its hormones. Taking in a lot of radioactive iodine is a sign that your thyroid is overactive. A low radioactivity resolves quickly and isn't dangerous for most people.

Hyperthyroidism treatment: Medications, radiation, surgery, or a combination of treatments may be prescribed to treat Hyperthyroidism. Treatments for Hyperthyroidism destroy your thyroid gland or block it from producing its hormones. Treatments can include: Antithyroid medication: Antithyroid drugs such as methimazole (Tapazole) and propylthiouracil can prevent the thyroid gland from producing too many hormones and reduce symptoms. For people in the first three months of pregnancy, thyroid medications, such as methimazole or propylthiouracil, can help the thyroid produce fewer hormones. Radioiodine (radioactive iodine) therapy: Radioiodine therapy is a standard treatment for Hyperthyroidism. It destroys the cells in the thyroid gland that produce too many hormones. It involves an infusion of radioactive iodine, which the thyroid gland takes up, causing it to shrink. A large dose of radioactive iodine damages your thyroid gland. Y u can take it as a pill or liquid by mouth. As your thyroid gland takes in iodine, it also pulls in the radioactive iodine, which damages the gland. But this isn't safe for people who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Beta-blockers: These drugs, like Inderal (propranolol) and Lopressor (metoprolol), don't affect your thyroid, but they help manage some symptoms of Hyperthyroidism, like rapid heart rate, tremors, and palpitations. Thyroidectomy (surgery): For a more permanent form of treatment, your healthcare provider may recommend surgically removing your thyroid (thyroidectomy). This will stop it from creating hormones. However, you'll need to take synthetic (manufactured) thyroid replacement hormones (pills) for the rest of your life. Thyroid surgery is less commonly used nowadays.

Other conditions of Thyroid diseases: In addition to Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism, various other conditions of thyroid diseases may occur as listed below:

Goiter: A Goiter simply describes the enlargement of the thyroid gland, regardless of cause. A Goiter is not a specific disease per se. A Goiter may be associated with Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, or normal thyroid function. Causes and risk factors of Goiter: The most common cause of Goiter worldwide is iodine deficiency in the diet, but not all cases of Goiter are caused by iodine deficiency. Goiters can also be caused by: Graves' disease, Congenital Hypothyroidism, Thyroiditis, Pituitary gland tumors. Goiter can affect anyone at any age, especially in areas where foods rich in iodine are in short supply. Goiters are more common in people older than 40 years old, especially women, which makes them more likely to have a thyroid disorder. Other risk factors include your family medical history, specific medication usage, pregnancy, and radiation exposure. Goiter symptoms: You might not have any symptoms if your Goiter isn't severe. Your Goiter may cause one or more symptoms if it grows large enough, depending on the size. These symptoms can include: Swelling or tightness in your neck, Difficulty breathing or swallowing, Coughing or wheezing, Hoarse voice. Goiter diagnosis and treatment: Goiters can be diagnosed with the diagnostic tests used to test for Hyperthyroidism. A doctor will feel your neck area and have you swallow during a routine physical exam. Blood tests will reveal your bloodstream's thyroid hormone, TSH, and antibody levels. A thyroid ultrasound can be used to check for swelling or nodules. This information will be used to diagnose thyroid disorders that often cause Goiter. Goiter treatment: Goiter is usually treated only once it becomes severe enough to cause symptoms. The treatments usually overlap with Hyperthyroidism because a Goiter is often a symptom of Hyperthyroidism. Goiters are often associated with highly treatable thyroid disorders, such as Graves' disease. Treatment can include radioactive iodine therapy to shrink your thyroid gland or surgery to remove all or part of your thyroid gland. Although goiters aren't usually a cause for concern, they can cause serious problems if left untreated. These problems can include difficulty breathing and swallowing.

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that occurs when your body's immune system mistakenly attacks your thyroid gland. It can cause your gland to overproduce the hormone regulating your metabolism. The disease is hereditary, and you may develop it at any age. It's much more common in women aged 20 to 30. Causes and risk factors can include: Family history, Stress, Pregnancy, Smoking, There is a history of infection with the Epstein-Barr virus, which causes infectious mononucleosis (mono. Graves' disease symptoms: Where there's a high thyroid hormone level in your bloodstream, your body's systems can speed up and cause symptoms common to Hyperthyroidism. These can include: Anxiety, Irritability, Fatigue, Hand tremors, Increased or irregular heart rate, Excessive sweating, Difficulty sleeping, Unintended weight loss, Diarrhea or frequent bowel movements, Altered menstrual cycle if you menstruate, Goiter, Thickened and reddened skin, generally on your shins and upper feet, Graves' disease can lead to Graves' ophthalmopathy, or thyroid eye disease, which can cause vision loss, eye pain, or bulging eyes. It can also lead to heart problems and brittle bones if left untreated Graves' disease diagnosis: Doctors typically diagnose Graves' disease with tests that can include: Physical exam: A physical exam can reveal an enlarged thyroid, enlarged bulging eyes, and signs of increased metabolism, including a rapid pulse and high blood pressure. Blood tests: A doctor typically also orders blood tests to check for high T4 and low TSH levels, which can be signs of Graves' disease. Radioactive iodine test: A radioactive iodine uptake test might also be administered to measure how quickly your thyroid takes up iodine. A high uptake of iodine may be a sign of Graves' disease. Antibody tests: These tests can discover antibodies common to Graves' disease. Graves' treatment. There's no treatment to stop the immune system from attacking the thyroid gland and causing it to overproduce hormones. Symptoms of Graves' disease can be controlled, often with a combination of treatments. Graves' disease can be treated with medication, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery. These treatment options can include: Beta-blockers: Beta-blockers help control your rapid heart rate, anxiety, and sweating. Antithyroid medications: Antithyroid medications prevent your thyroid from producing excessive amounts of hormone. Radioactive iodine: Radioactive iodine destroys all or part of your thyroid. Surgery: Surgery that removes your thyroid gland is a permanent option if you can't tolerate antithyroid drugs or radioactive iodine. Successful Hyperthyroidism treatment usually results in Hypothyroidism. If you have Hypothyroidism, you'll typically have to take hormone-replacement medication from that point forward.

Thyroid nodules: Thyroid nodules are growths or lumps on or in your thyroid gland. Nodules may be single or multiple and can vary in size. The nodules can be solid or fluid-filled. Most nodules are benign, but can also be cancerous in a small percentage of cases. If nodules are enormous, they may cause symptoms related to compression of nearby structures. As with other thyroid-related problems, the risk of developing nodules increases with age. Causes and risk factors of thyroid nodules: The causes aren't always known but can include iodine deficiency, Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.  Nodules can be caused by benign cysts, benign tumors, or, less commonly,  by cancers of the thyroid. Symptoms of thyroid nodules: Most thyroid nodules don't cause symptoms. However, if they grow large enough, they can cause swelling in the neck and lead to breathing and swallowing difficulties, pain, and Goiter. Some nodules produce thyroid hormone, causing abnormally high levels in your bloodstream. When this happens, the symptoms are similar to those of Hyperthyroidism and can include: High pulse rate, Nervousness, Increased appetite, Shaking, Weight loss, Clammy skin. On the other hand, if the nodules don't overproduce thyroid hormone or present with Hypothyroidism, symptoms can include: Fatigue, Weight gain, Hair loss, Dry skin, Increased sensitivity to cold temperatures. Thyroid nodules don't overproduce thyroid hormone and aren't associated with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, which doesn't cause these symptoms. Thyroid nodules diagnosis: Nodules can be identified during a routine physical exam. But a doctor will likely run additional tests to confirm. These can include: An ultrasound Other imaging, such as a CT scan, can determine if the trachea or esophagus is compressed. A TSH test and a thyroid scan can check for Hyperthyroidism or Hypothyroidism. A fine-needle aspiration biopsy to determine whether your nodule is cancerous. Treatment of thyroid nodules: Benign nodules don't typically need treatment. Nothing is done to remove them if they don't change over time. If the nodule grows, a doctor may perform another biopsy and recommend radioactive iodine. The treatment a doctor recommends may vary depending on the type of tumor. Treatment options for cancerous thyroid nodules can typically include: Surgery: Removing your thyroid through surgery is usually the treatment of choice. Radioactive iodine: This may also be used after surgery, depending on the risk for recurrence. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy is sometimes used with or without surgery. Eternal beam radiation therapy may be used if you have bulky disease, a classification of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is required very rarely if your cancer spreads to other parts of your body

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, an autoimmune disorder, is caused by thyroid gland inflammation. It can cause a Goiter (swelling in the neck due to an enlarged thyroid gland) and other symptoms. It can occur at any age but is most common in middle-aged women. The condition occurs when your body's immune system mistakenly attacks and slowly destroys your thyroid gland and its ability to produce hormones. Some people with mild cases of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis may have no apparent symptoms. The condition can remain stable for years, and symptoms are often subtle. They're also not specific, mimicking symptoms of many other conditions. Common symptoms of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis can include: Fatigue, Depression, Constipation, Mild weight gain, Dry skin, Dry and thinning hair, Paleness and a puffy face, Heavy and irregular menstruation if you menstruate, Intolerance to cold Enlarged thyroid, or Goiter Hashimoto's thyroiditis diagnosis and treatment: Testing the level of TSH is often the first step when screening for any type of thyroid disorder. A doctor might order a blood test to check for increased levels of TSH and low levels of thyroid hormone (T3 or T4) if you're experiencing some of the above symptoms. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder, so the blood test would also show abnormal antibodies that might be attacking your thyroid. There's no known cure for Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Hormone-replacing medication is often used to raise thyroid hormone levels or lower TSH levels. I can also help relieve symptoms of the disease. The condition is usually identified early and can remain stable for years because it progresses slowly.

Postpartum Thyroiditis: Postpartum thyroiditis is inflammation of the thyroid gland that occurs after giving birth and can cause hyper- or Hypothyroidism. It is treatable with medication, and in about 80% of cases, it resolves after 12 to 18 months.

Thyroid Tumors: Thyroid nodules and adenomas, small, noncancerous growths, start in the cell layer that lines the inner surface of the thyroid gland. The adenoma itself may secrete thyroid hormone and may cause Hyperthyroidism. Thyroid adenoma treatment may include surgery to remove the overactive nodule.

Thyroid Cancer: Thyroid cancer is far more common among adult women than men or youth. Thyroid cancer occurs more often in people who have undergone radiation to the head, neck, or chest. However, it may also occur in those without known risk factors. About 2/3 of cases of thyroid cancer occur in people under age 55. There are different kinds of thyroid cancer, depending on the specific cell type within the thyroid that has become cancerous. The ur main types of thyroid cancer include: Papillary thyroid cancer, Follicular thyroid cancer, Anaplastic thyroid cancer, Medullary thyroid cancer.  Most cases of thyroid cancer have a good prognosis and high survival rates, especially when diagnosed in their early stages.

Diagnosis and tests for thyroid disorders:

How are thyroid disorders diagnosed? Your healthcare provider will start by asking about your symptoms and medical history and performing a physical exam. They will gently feel your thyroid gland during the exam to check for enlarged or noticeable nodules. They may also ask for a personal and family history of health conditions, such as Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. A person needs to disclose a complete medical history and indicate if they have experienced any noticeable or rapid changes in weight. Your provider will need to use some thyroid tests to confirm a diagnosis. These include: Blood tests, Imaging tests, Nuclear medicine imaging test, FNA or biopsy if a lump is present on the thyroid. Blood tests: For both Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism, blood tests are typically done to measure thyroid hormone and TSH levels. Your doctor may also order blood tests to identify antibodies against thyroid tissue, such as titers of anti-thyroglobulin, anti-thyroperoxidase, or TSH receptor-stimulating antibodies. A doctor may order the following blood tests: TSH test: A hormone produced by the pituitary gland called thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) that tells the thyroid gland when to secrete T3 and T4. This test checks the amount of TSH in the blood. A high amount of TSH indicates Hypothyroidism, and a low TSH indicates Hyperthyroidism. T4 tests: High levels of the T4  hormone indicate Hyperthyroidism, while low levels suggest Hypothyroidism. However, abnormal T4 levels can occur if a person is taking birth control pills or is pregnant. Some medications, such as corticosteroids, can alter a person's T4 levels. T3 test: If a person's T4 levels are normal, a T3 test can help confirm a diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism. Thyroid antibody tests: Thyroid antibody tests may help diagnose autoimmune Hyperthyroidism in Graves' or Hashimoto's. Imaging tests: Imaging tests, like a thyroid ultrasound, help your provider look for nodules (lumps) and/or Goiter. Aging tests are commonly used when thyroid nodules or enlargements are present. Ultrasound can visualize the consistency of the tissue within the gland and can often reveal cysts or calcifications. However, an ultrasound examination cannot distinguish benign from malignant processes. Nuclear medicine imaging test: Nuclear medicine imaging, like a thyroid uptake and scan, can help show if nodules are overactive. A thyroid scan (Radioactive iodine uptake test) using radioactive iodine is often performed to evaluate the function of thyroid nodules. The thyroid is the only organ that absorbs iodine, so when radioactively labeled iodine is given, the thyroid absorbs it. An imaging test typically shows radioactive iodine uptake by normal thyroid tissue. Areas or nodules producing excess hormone (hyperfunctioning) will show increased iodine uptake. These are referred to as "hot" nodules or regions. By contrast, "cold" nodules represent areas with decreased iodine uptake. "Old" nodules do not produce excess hormones and can sometimes represent cancer. Fine needle aspiration and biopsy: If a lump is present on the thyroid, this test is done. Fine needle aspiration and biopsy techniques that remove a sample of cells or tissue from the thyroid gland for examination and diagnosis by a pathologist, a physician trained in diagnosing conditions based on tissue samples. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) uses a long, thin needle to withdraw a sample of cells from the thyroid. F.A. can be performed in the doctor's office. Sometimes, ultrasound imaging is used to guide the FNA procedure. A biopsy is the surgical sampling of tissue.

What is the treatment for thyroid disorders? Thyroid disorders can be treated with medications or, in some cases, surgery. Treatment will depend on the particular disease of the thyroid. Thyroid medications: Medications can be given to replace the missing thyroid hormone in Hypothyroidism. Synthetic thyroid hormone is given in pill form by mouth. When Hyperthyroidism is present, medications can decrease the production of thyroid hormone or prevent its release from the gland. Other medications can be given to help manage the symptoms of Hyperthyroidism, such as increased heart rate. If Hyperthyroidism is not controlled with medications, radioactive ablation can be performed. This procedure involves giving doses of iodine labeled with radioactivity that selectively destroy the thyroid tissue. Thyroid surgery: Surgery can remove a large Goiter or a hyperfunctioning nodule within the gland. Thyroid surgery can also be used in Graves' Disease (subtotal thyroidectomy) and was the treatment of choice before RAI (Radioactive Iodine) therapy and antithyroid medications. It is not used much now. Other disorders of the thyroid gland often require surgery to treat. A thyroid lobectomy, known as a hemilobectomy, removes part of the gland, while a total thyroidectomy removes the entire gland. Thyroid cancer treatment usually requires total thyroidectomy and, in some cases, removal of lymph nodes in the neck. Many small thyroid cancers can now be treated with a lobectomy. Some noncancerous nodules become large enough to cause pain and problems with swallowing and breathing. When this happens, partial or total thyroidectomy is recommended. A person who has part of their thyroid gland removed may need to take hormone replacement after surgery. When a person has the entire gland removed, they will need to take replacement hormones for life.

Common thyroid conditions in children:

Children can also get thyroid conditions, including: Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism thyroid nodules thyroid cancer Sometimes children are born with a thyroid condition. In other cases, surgery, disease, or treatment for another condition can cause it. Hypothyroidism in children: Children can get different types of Hypothyroidism: Congenital Hypothyroidism: This condition occurs when your thyroid gland doesn't develop properly at birth. If not treated, it can cause intellectual disability and issues with growth. Autoimmune Hypothyroidism: This type of Hypothyroidism is caused by an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland. It's often caused by chronic lymphocytic thyroid immune Hypothyroidism, which usually appears in teenage years and is more common in women than men. Latrogenic Hypothyroidism: This condition can happen in children who have their thyroid gland removed or destroyed, through surgery, for example. Symptoms of Hypothyroidism in children can include: Fatigue Weight gain Constipation Intolerance to cold Dry, thin hair Dry skin Slow heart rate Hoarse voice Puffy face Increased menstrual flow in people who menstruate. Hyperthyroidism in children: There are multiple causes of Hyperthyroidism in children: Graves' disease: This condition is less common in children than in adults. Graves' disease often appears during your teenage years. Hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules are growths on a child's thyroid gland that produce too much thyroid hormone. Thyroiditis is caused by inflammation in a child's thyroid gland, which leaks thyroid hormone into the bloodstream. Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism in children can include: Fast heart rate, Shaking, Bulging eyes (in children with Graves' disease), Restlessness and irritability, Poor sleep, Increased appetite, Weight loss, Increased bowel movements, Intolerance to heat, Goiter. Thyroid nodules in children: Thyroid nodules are rare in children and adolescents and are often benign. However, thyroid nodules that do appear in children and adolescents are more likely to be caused by thyroid cancer than thyroid nodules in adults. The main symptom of a thyroid nodule in a child is a lump or swelling in the neck. Thyroid cancer in children: Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine cancer in children, yet it's still rare. It's diagnosed in less than 1 out of every 1 million children under the age of 10 years each year. The incidence is slightly higher in teens, with a rate of about 15 people per million in 15- to 19-year-olds. Symptoms of thyroid cancer in children can include: A lump in their neck, Swollen glands, Tight feeling in their neck, Trouble breathing or swallowing, Hoarse voice.

Conditions that can cause both Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism at different times include: Thyroiditis is inflammation (swelling) of the thyroid gland. It typically causes temporary Hyperthyroidism at first and then temporary or chronic Hypothyroidism. Postpartum Thyroiditis is a relatively rare condition that affects some birthing parents after pregnancy. An estimated 5% of people may experience this the year after giving birth. It typically causes Hyperthyroidism first, followed by Hypothyroidism. It's usually temporary.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):

What does the thyroid do? Your thyroid is the metabolic center of your body. This means it controls your body temperature, heart rate, and how fast you use calories from your food for energy. The thyroid produces hormones that travel throughout your body's different parts and areas to better support its functioning.

How do I know if I have a thyroid problem? Unless you have a very large nodule on your thyroid, you probably won't easily know you have a thyroid problem. However, if you experience changes in your weight, personality, emotions, and even skin texture, these can all be symptoms of thyroid problems. A doctor can help you know if you have a thyroid problem by ordering blood tests to check the levels of thyroid hormones in your body. If yours are abnormal, your doctor can recommend the next steps.

How does the thyroid affect the body? A well-working thyroid affects the body by maintaining the following functions: Keeping the body's temperature at a normal level, Supporting normal growth and cell turnover, Maintaining a normal heart rate, Burning calories in a regular and expected fashion, Maintaining bone breakdown and reabsorption. As a result, if your thyroid hormone production becomes imbalanced (either too high or too low), your thyroid can negatively affect your overall health.

What are the risk factors for thyroid disease? You may be at a higher risk of developing a thyroid condition if you: Are female. Females are five to eight times more likely to have a thyroid condition. Have a family history of thyroid disease, Have Turner syndrome, Take a medication that's high in iodine, Live in a country or area that doesn't have iodized table salt, which can lead to iodine deficiency. Are older than 60, especially if you're female, Have received radiation therapy to your head and/or neck, Having an autoimmune disease also increases your risk, especially if you have: Pernicious anemia, Type 1 diabetes, Celiac disease, Addison's disease (primary adrenal insufficiency), Lupus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome.

What is the outlook for thyroid disorders? Outlook / Prognosis: Thyroid diseases affect many parts of your body and health. If you consistently follow your treatment plan to manage the condition, it's usually not serious. Hypothyroidism is a long-lasting condition. Without treatment, Hypothyroidism can cause severe complications, including coma or death. However, with treatment, the outlook for people with Hypothyroidism is good. Symptoms usually reverse within a few weeks or months. Like Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism can cause serious health problems without treatment. However, Hyperthyroidism is treatable. If a person undergoes surgical treatment for Hyperthyroidism, their condition will not return. However, they will have to take medications to treat the resulting Hypothyroidism. A person's outlook is typically positive. The outlook for most people with thyroid cancer is also good, although patients with thyroid cancer that has spread throughout the body have a poorer prognosis.

What are the complications of Hypothyroidism? Complications of untreated Hypothyroidism include: Anemia: Low red blood cells caused by suppression of the bone marrow. Goiter: The lack of thyroid hormone causes constant stimulation of the thyroid gland, causing enlargement. This condition is called Goiter. It can cause cosmetic concerns and can affect breathing and swallowing.   Cardiac (heart) problems: Hypothyroidism increases the risk of heart disease and causes irregular heart rate and heart failure. Hypothyroidism increases the levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, known as the "bad" cholesterol, leading to cardiovascular complications. Mental health issues: Depression, slow cognitive function, lethargy, and poor memory can occur and may worsen over time.  Peripheral neuropathy: Long-term, untreated Hypothyroidism can damage peripheral nerves (in the arms and legs). Due to damage to nerve membranes, patients feel pain, numbness, tingling, and burning sensations in affected areas. Myxoedema coma: This is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition caused when thyroid hormone levels become exceptionally low.  Its signs and symptoms may include: Swelling of the face, including the lips, eyelids, and tongue. Swelling and thickening of the skin and underlying tissues, anywhere in the body, with a waxy texture. Intense cold intolerance (low body temperature) and drowsiness followed by confusion, profound lethargy, unconsciousness, and coma.  Infertility: Low levels of thyroid hormone can interfere with ovulation, presenting with irregular periods.  Birth defects: Babies born to women with untreated thyroid disease may have a higher risk of being born with birth defects. The children also have a risk of serious developmental problems. Infants' problems: Infants with untreated Hypothyroidism present at birth are at risk for serious problems with both physical and mental development.  Pregnancy complications: Untreated Hypothyroidism during pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight, delivery preeclampsia (high blood pressure in the last trimester of pregnancy), placental abruption, and postpartum hemorrhage (bleeding), and birth defects in the developing baby.

What are the complications of Hyperthyroidism? If untreated, Hyperthyroidism can lead to various complications, such as: Cardiac (heart) complications: Cardiac complications of Hyperthyroidism can be severe and life-threatening. A heart condition that causes irregular and abnormally fast heartbeats may lead to stroke and congestive heart failure. It's called Atrial fibrillation.  Brittle bones: Untreated Hyperthyroidism can lead to osteoporosis (weak, brittle bones), which causes the bones to fracture easily. Increased thyroid hormones impair the body's ability to incorporate calcium into the bones. Proptosis: The prominent bulging of the eyes, also known as exophthalmos. Graves' ophthalmopathy: An eye complication characterized by watery eyes, blurred vision, and double vision. Skin complications: Those with Graves' disease develop Graves' dermopathy, which is characterized by redness and swelling of the skin, usually on the shins and feet. Thyrotoxic crisis: Thyrotoxic crisis is a sudden intensification of symptoms, causing fever, palpitations, and altered mental status. This requires emergency medical attention. Osteoporosis: Porous, brittle bones caused by the loss of bone mineral. Pregnancy complications:  Including premature birth, low birth weight, preeclampsia, and miscarriage Thyroid storm: A potentially life-threatening condition caused by dramatic increases in metabolism, leading to confusion, vomiting, extremely fast heartbeats, and liver injury. Babies born to mothers with Graves' disease are also at increased risk of developing Hyperthyroidism .

When should you visit a healthcare provider or a doctor? Consider scheduling an appointment with your doctor if you experience the following symptoms, as they could be related to your thyroid: Feeling a nodule or lump on either side of your larynx (voicebox), Experiencing weight loss or gain that you can't explain by changes in diet or activity level, Constantly feeling very hot or very cold, Experiencing mood changes, such as depression, anxiety, or nervousness, Feeling a sense of significant fatigue. A doctor may refer a person to an endocrinologist or hormone specialist.

What are the differences between Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism? An underactive thyroid gland in Hypothyroidism does not produce enough thyroid hormones, whereas an overactive thyroid gland in Hyperthyroidism produces too many.  Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism are separate conditions with different symptoms. "Hyper" means the gland produces too much thyroid hormone, while "hypo" produces too few thyroid hormones. Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism can cause opposite symptoms. With Hypothyroidism, the lack of thyroid hormones can slow down some bodily functions, which can cause: slowed heart rate weight gain difficulty tolerating the cold depression With Hyperthyroidism, the overproduction of thyroid hormones can speed up bodily functions. This can result in: a rapid or irregular heartbeat, weight loss, difficulty tolerating heat, irritability, nervousness, and anxiety. Although both share many of the symptoms, there are specific symptoms that are distinctive of each. Both Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism are primarily the result of an autoimmune disease, but there are other potential causes as well. The diagnosis and treatment also differ.

Do high levels of TSH indicate Hypothyroidism or Hyperthyroidism? High levels of TSH can indicate Hypothyroidism.

What is the relation between Hashimoto's Thyroiditis and Hyperthyroidism? Hashimoto's Thyroiditis is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland. It most commonly causes Hypothyroidism. In rare cases, Hashimoto's Thyroiditis can cause transient Hyperthyroidism with subsequent Hypothyroidism.

Can thyroid problems cause burning mouth syndrome? Burning mouth syndrome is a severe, painful condition characterized by burning sensations in the tongue, lips, palate (roof of the mouth), gums, inside of the cheeks, and back of the mouth or throat. The feeling is often described as a scalding or tingling sensation. It is more common in women than in men and is particularly common around menopause. It may often be due to poorly functioning salivary glands. Poor function may be linked to abnormal T3 levels. Often, a diet rich in selenium and iodine provides relief in some cases.

Can Hyperthyroidism result in neuropathy? People with Hyperthyroidism may also develop neuropathy and experience other neurological symptoms.

Can I prevent thyroid disease? Thyroid diseases generally aren't preventable. This is because most cases of thyroid disease are linked to genetics and/or caused by autoimmune conditions, which you can't prevent. The two conditions you can prevent are thyroid problems related to iodine excess or deficiency.

Can I live an everyday life with thyroid disease? Thyroid disease is often a lifelong medical condition that requires consistent management, usually involving daily medication. Your healthcare provider will monitor your treatments and adjust them over time. It may take some time to find the right treatment plan for you to manage your hormone levels. But you can usually live an everyday life with thyroid disease.

What foods can I eat to support healthy thyroid function? While you can't prevent all thyroid disorders, you can follow a thyroid-friendly diet to help keep your thyroid working as well as possible.  Foods that support healthy thyroid function may include: Iron-rich diet or iron-fortified food: Your body requires iron to make thyroid hormone. If you are iron-deficient, you could be at greater risk for Hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism treatment medications may also not work as well if you are low in iron. Getting enough iron in your daily diet can be an essential step. Examples of foods that contain iron include: Grass-fed beef, red meat, and poultry, Organic beef liver, Spinach,  Sardines and seefood, Iron-fortified foods, such as grains, cereals, and infant formulas. If you have difficulty incorporating iron-containing foods into your daily diet, talk with your doctor to see if an iron supplement could help. Selenium-rich diet or supplements: Selenium is a trace mineral your body requires to activate thyroid hormone. Studies have linked low selenium levels with increased risks for chronic autoimmune Thyroiditis, Graves' disease, and Goiter. You can increase your selenium levels by eating more meat, seafood, whole grains, Brazil nuts, organic liver, cold-water fish, and garlic. However, some people may require a supplement to enhance selenium levels. Consult your doctor for proper advice. A protein-rich diet includes grass-fed meats, free-range chicken, wild-caught seafood, and beans (slow-cooked). Magnesium-rich diet: It includes dark leafy greens, almonds, pecans, flax seeds, etc. Vitamin B12-rich diet:  It includes grass-fed meats, free-range chicken and eggs, wild-caught seafood, etc. Iodine-rich food: Deficiency of iodine may cause Hypothyroidism. Wild-caught seafood, seaweed, and kelp are rich sources of iodine. If needed and recommended, iodised salt may help prevent the problem. Zinc-rich diet: It includes grass-fed meats, free-range chicken, wild-caught seafood, almonds, etc. A vitamin B2-rich diet includes grass-fed meats, organic organ meats, almonds, and green vegetables. Vitamin D: Sunshine, egg yolks, organic liver, and wild-caught fish can provide vitamin D. Omega-3 fatty acids: Wild-caught fish, walnuts, chia, and flax seeds are rich sources of these acids. Vitamin C-rich diet: It includes broccoli, Brussels sprouts, citrus fruits, berries, etc. Vitamin A-rich diet:  It includes free-range eggs, green vegetables, organic liver, etc.

What foods are bad for the thyroid? Certain foods, called goitrogens, may interfere with the thyroid gland's ability to process or produce thyroid hormones. Foods that are bad for your thyroid may include: The high content of fluoride in cold drinks damages the thyroid gland like no other beverage. Foods belonging to the brassica family, such as broccoli, kale, cauliflower, and cabbage, contain substances that may alter thyroid function. These foods, especially if eaten raw (salads), can cause T3 and T4 levels to dip. Soy foods such as tofu, edamame, and soybeans contain isoflavones that act as goitrogens in the body and inhibit the production of thyroid hormones. To minimize the concentration of goitrogenic compounds in your diet, steer clear of soy products and select fermented foods. Iodine, essential for a healthy thyroid gland, may paradoxically suppress T3 and T4 function if taken in excess. Daily consumption of iodine should not be more than 150 grams. Hence, only take iodide supplements such as kelp, nori, and seaweed under a doctor's supervision. Fried foods and foods that contain saturated fats are also bad for thyroid health and function. Although consuming gluten is generally not a problem for most people, it can impair nutrient absorption and trigger GI inflammation in those with celiac disease. Unfortunately, some people with Hypothyroidism, which is caused by an autoimmune disorder such as Hashimoto's disease, are also at a high risk of being affected by celiac disease. Some people must avoid gluten completely to maintain thyroid function. Caffeine dependence is detrimental to your thyroid and adrenal glands. Caffeine blocks the absorption of thyroid hormone, so you should minimize caffeine consumption as much as possible if you have Hypothyroidism. Excess sugar consumption wreaks havoc on the body. In addition to causing many diseases, it interferes with T4 conversion, which is necessary for thyroid function. Alcohol can suppress the thyroid gland's ability to produce thyroid hormones, which is why doctors advise people who have an underactive thyroid to stop drinking alcohol. Ultra-processed foods:  Researchers have linked a diet high in ultra-processed foods with increased risks for subclinical Hyperthyroidism, a degree of Hyperthyroidism that may not yet be severe enough to cause definite symptoms. Examples of ultra-processed foods include frozen meals, hot dogs, and some packaged foods, such as cookies, cakes, or other snack items. These foods typically contain extracts that increase sugar, salt, or fat to enhance flavor. Decreasing your intake (or avoiding these foods altogether) may help reduce your risk of thyroid dysfunction.

When should we call the doctor in a medical emergency for a thyroid patient? Two thyroid-related conditions can be medical emergencies:  Myxedema coma and thyroid storm. Myxedema coma: A myxedema coma is the result of severe, untreated Hypothyroidism. Symptoms include: Mental status changes like extreme lethargy or even entering a comatose-like state, Severely decreased body temperature, Very swollen tongue. A myxedema coma is most likely to happen in the wintertime, particularly after prolonged exposure to the cold. Thyroid storm: A thyroid storm is a medical emergency due to excess thyroid hormones. Seek emergency medical attention if you experience the following: Racing, rapid heart rate that may be 140 beats per minute or higher, Fever high than 101.5°F (38.61°C), Mental status changes that include restlessness, confusion, or agitation, Sweating, Loss of consciousness.

Summary of the blog:

Thyroid: The thyroid gland is a small butterfly-shaped gland located at the front/center of your neck under your skin. It's a part of the endocrine system that controls many of your body's essential functions by producing and releasing thyroid hormones, such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). It controls the speed of your metabolism (metabolic rate). Thyroid hormones control how the body uses energy and affect most organs. All the cells in your body need energy to function. When your thyroid isn't working correctly, it can impact your entire body.

Thyroid Disease: Thyroid disease is an umbrella term for conditions affecting your thyroid functions. Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism are the two main types of thyroid disease. But they each have multiple possible causes. Thyroid diseases are treatable, usually with medication. Goiter is a noncancerous enlargement of the thyroid gland. It can affect people of all ages.

Hyperthyroidism is an overactive thyroid gland, and Hypothyroidism is an underactive thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism is when the thyroid gland cannot produce enough thyroid hormones. The most common cause is Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, an autoimmune disorder that ultimately causes the gland to stop working. Hypothyroidism is any state in which thyroid hormone production is below normal. Hyperthyroidism describes excessive production of thyroid hormone, a less common condition than Hypothyroidism.  Too much thyroid hormone can speed up bodily functions, whereas low levels can slow them down. Four common issues associated with the thyroid include Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, Graves' disease, Goiter (enlarged thyroid), and thyroid nodules. Both conditions (Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism) can cause an enlarged thyroid (Goiter), but it's more common in Hyperthyroidism. Usually, the rate of thyroid hormone production is controlled by the brain through the pituitary gland.

Causes of thyroid diseases: Thyroid diseases and disorders are caused by the body either making too many or too few thyroid hormones, which are necessary for vital body functions.  Thyroid issues are typically caused by your body overproducing or underproducing the thyroid hormone. The leading cause of each is autoimmune thyroid disease (respectively, Graves' disease and Hashimoto's disease). Graves' disease is the most common cause of Hyperthyroidism, affecting about 70 percent of people with an overactive thyroid. Thyroid diseases often run in families.

Symptoms of thyroid diseases: If you have thyroid disease, you could experience a variety of symptoms. Unfortunately, symptoms of a thyroid condition are often very similar to the signs of other medical conditions and stages of life. This can make it difficult to know if your symptoms are related to a thyroid issue or something else entirely. Thyroid disorders can affect heart rate, mood, energy level, metabolism, bone health, pregnancy, and many other functions. There is a long-established connection between conditions of the thyroid and depression. Both can cause fatigue, hair loss, and pregnancy complications, but Hyperthyroidism is more likely to cause diarrhea, rapid heartbeats, increased sweating, anxiety, and sensitivity to heat. Hypothyroidism, on the other hand, is more likely to cause constipation, slowed heartbeats, reduced sweating, depression, and sensitivity to heat. In the early stages, Hypothyroidism may not cause noticeable symptoms. The symptoms of Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism are often "opposites." This is because Hyperthyroidism speeds up metabolism, while Hypothyroidism slows it down.

Diagnosis of thyroid diseases: These conditions can be diagnosed through a physical exam, imaging, and thyroid function tests. If nodules are present, a biopsy may be needed to rule out thyroid cancer. Thyroid blood tests determine the adequacy of the levels of thyroid hormones in a patient. Hypothyroidism is indicated by a TSH over 4.0 milli-international units per liter (miU/L) and a T4 under 5.0 mIU/L. Hyperthyroidism is indicated by a TSH under 0.4 mIU/L and a T4 over 11.0 mIU/L. T3 blood tests over 200 nanograms per deciliter (ng/dL) may help confirm the diagnosis. The thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibody test is a blood test. Sometimes, it helps determine whether a person has thyroid disease caused by an immune system condition. However, the test isn't used alone to diagnose thyroid disease. Thyroid scanning determines how active the thyroid is in manufacturing thyroid hormone.

Treatment and outlook of thyroid diseases: Hyperthyroid treatment is based on slowing thyroid hormone production, while hypothyroid treatment involves hormone replacement therapy. Treatment involves leveling the levels of thyroid hormones. For Hypothyroidism, treatment often involves taking supplemental thyroid hormone as a medication. Hypothyroidism is treated with thyroid hormone medicine that is effective when taken at the correct dose. If left untreated, Hypothyroidism can lead to high cholesterol and heart problems over time. If you have Hypothyroidism, the main treatment option is thyroid replacement medication. It's a synthetic way to add thyroid hormones back into your body. One medication that providers commonly prescribe is levothyroxine. If you have radioactive iodine treatment or surgery that destroys your thyroid gland, you'll develop Hypothyroidism and need to take thyroid hormone daily. However, Hypothyroidism is easier to treat and results in fewer complications. The treatments for Hyperthyroidism are different from those for Hypothyroidism. One is to stem the production of T3 and T4, while the other aims to replace thyroid hormones with synthetic or natural ones. Hyperthyroidism is highly treatable, with between 20% and 30% of people with Graves' disease entering long-term remission with treatment. For Hyperthyroidism, treatment typically involves damaging the thyroid to limit its function. Thyroid disorders can be well managed with medical treatment and are not life-threatening in most cases. However, some conditions may require surgery. Thyroid disorders are relatively common in adults. Fortunately, nearly all thyroid problems can be managed successfully when identified early. A fine-needle aspiration thyroid biopsy is used to obtain tissue for analysis. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is also performed to treat thyroid cysts. Often, thyroid issues aren't serious and are only treated once symptoms become bothersome. Treatment for thyroid disorders is often successful and, depending on the condition, may involve medication, surgery, or other therapy. Most thyroid cancers can be treated successfully. Surgery is necessary when there is a possibility of thyroid cancer. People typically have positive outlooks on treatment.

Thyroid disease is common, and both Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism have different symptoms and complications. Most people with thyroid disease can manage their condition with medication or medical procedures.  The good news is that medication and other treatments can help manage them well.

Prevention of thyroid dysfunction: In most cases, you can't prevent Hypothyroidism or Hyperthyroidism. In countries with a high rate of iodine deficiency, Hypothyroidism is often caused by iodine deficiency.  Hyperthyroidism is often caused by Graves' disease, an autoimmune disease that's not preventable.  In rare cases, your thyroid can become overactive if you eat too many foods that contain iodine, such as table salt, fish, and seaweed. Though you may not be able to prevent thyroid disease, you can avoid complications by diagnosing it immediately and following your treatment plan.

Thyroid Disorders in Women: Women's thyroid disease can affect their hormone balance and cause problems in puberty, menstruation, fertility, pregnancy, and the postpartum period.

Complications of thyroid disorder: Many thyroid disorders require care by a physician or other health care professional. When Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism are left untreated, they can lead to complications, some of which may be serious. These complications involve many of the same organ systems but often in very different ways.  Eye complications: Those with Graves' ophthalmopathy develop eye problems, including bulging, red, or swollen eyes, photophobia (sensitivity to light), blurry or double vision, and even loss of vision/blindness.

World/US data on Thyroid disorders: In the United States, Goiter affects 4.7 percent of the general population. The American Thyroid Association estimates that 20 million people in the United States have some form of thyroid condition. Hyperthyroidism affects between 1 and 3 percent of people in the United States and is more common in women. In the United States, Hypothyroidism affects around 4.3 percent of people 12 years old and older. Hypothyroidism in children affects about 1 out of every 3,000 to 4,000  babies born in the United States. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis is also known as chronic lymphocytic Thyroiditis. It's the most common cause of Hypothyroidism in the United States, affecting about 5 in 100 Americans. Graves' disease was named after the doctor who had described it more than 150 years ago. It's the most common cause of Hyperthyroidism in the United States, affecting about 1 in 200 people. Thyroid disease is prevalent. About 20 million people in the United States have some type of thyroid condition. Worldwide, an estimated 15.8 percent of the general population has a Goiter. However, his percentage varies and is more common in places with high levels of iodine deficiency. About 1 in every 2,000 to 4,000 babies has congenital Hypothyroidism. An old study that grouped populations into men and women reported that about 1 percent of men and 5 percent of women living in iodine-sufficient countries have thyroid nodules that are large enough to feel. Having thyroid nodules is about 4 times more common in women than in men, while the rate of thyroid cancer in men is double the rate of women, about 8 and 4 percent, respectively. Cancerous nodules are pretty rare. Only about 4 to 6.5 percent of thyroid nodules are caused by thyroid cancer.

Disclaimer:

We tried to provide authentic and updated information on the subject. This blog is prepared using data compiled and summarized from various websites, as mentioned in the blog. Therefore, I do not take any responsibility (legal or otherwise) for its editing, compiling, and summarizing errors, correctness, completeness, consequences, etc. This blog's content is only for information purposes. It is not a legal or medical document. The information and materials contained in this blog are not intended to constitute a comprehensive guide concerning all aspects of the therapy, product, or treatment. Information about a therapy, service, product, or treatment does not in any way endorse or support such therapy, service, product, or treatment. It is not intended to serve as medical advice and can not replace medical advice from a doctor or other registered health professional. Always remember that the particular medications and their dosages are decided by the health care provider (doctor or specialist) according to the individual's needs, which vary from one person to another. Finally, I am not a health professional. Before following anything from this blog, it is strongly requested to consult a specialist, doctor, or healthcare provider. Self-medication can be harmful.

https://my.clevelandclinic.org https://www.medicalnewstoday.com https://www.verywellhealth.com https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org https://www.healthline.com/health https://www.medicinenet.com https://www.google.com/search https://www.mayoclinic.org

My personal opinion:         Health conditions and diseases are a part of our lives. Thyroid disorder is also one of them. I believe in fighting, treating, and defeating any problem that comes into my life. With proper medications and lifestyle changes, we can live a normal life.  Therefore, try hard to overcome the problem and enjoy life. Take treatment under the guidance of your healthcare provider. Do not do self-medication. Stay and enjoy life even with chronic diseases. Best of luck.

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